Justia Civil Rights Opinion Summaries

Plaintiff alleged alleges that Defendant, a now-retired officer of the Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”), used excessive force while attempting an arrest on June 10, 2018, in Berdoo Canyon, part of public lands managed by BLM near Joshua Tree National Park. Defendant brought an interlocutory appeal from the denial of qualified immunity on summary judgment.   The Ninth Circuit filed (1) an order denying a petition for panel rehearing, denying on behalf of the court a petition for rehearing en banc, and amending the opinion filed on November 14, 2022; and (2) an amended opinion vacating the district court’s denial, on summary judgment, of qualified immunity and remanding with instructions to enter summary judgment dismissing with prejudice Plaintiff’s claim.   The panel held that there was no Bivens cause of action for Plaintiff’s claim, which presented a new context. And given this new context, special factors counseled against implying a cause of action here. For example, Fourth Amendment excessive force claims against Bureau of Land Management (“BLM”) officers would have “‘systemwide’ consequences” for BLM’s mandate to maintain order on federal lands, and uncertainty about these consequences provided a reason not to imply such a cause of action. The panel further determined that Plaintiff had alternative administrative remedies. View "DENISE MEJIA V. WESLEY MILLER, ET AL" on Justia Law

The Supreme Judicial Court affirmed Defendant's conviction of murder but vacated his sentence, holding that a criminal defendant's decision to exercise his constitutional right to a trial by jury may not be considered at sentencing.After a seven-day trial at which Defendant did not testify, the jury returned a verdict of guilty to murder. After a sentencing hearing, the court found that there were no mitigating circumstances and imposed a thirty-two-year sentence. The Supreme Judicial Court vacated Defendant's sentence, holding that the trial court (1) did not err when it denied Defendant's request to provide him with access to the grand jury transcript; but (2) abused its discretion by referencing Defendant's demand for a jury trial in determining the genuineness of Defendant's claim of personal reform and contrition. View "State v. Moore" on Justia Law

The Supreme Court affirmed in part and reversed and remanded in part the circuit court's order dismissing Appellant's appeal from the district court absent a conviction as required by Ark. R. Crim. P. 36(a), holding that the district court illegally imposed court costs and probation in violation of Appellant's state and federal constitutional due process rights and his federal and state constitutional right to a trial.Appellant pled guilty to carrying a weapon in a publicly owned building. The district court ordered Appellant to pay court costs of $140 and told Appellant if there were no further charges within thirty days the charge would be dismissed. The court dismissed the case at the end of thirty days for lack of jurisdiction on the grounds that there was no underlying conviction. The Supreme Court reversed in part, holding that the court had jurisdiction to hear Appellant's challenge to the legality of his de facto sentence, and Appellant should have been heard on the merits. View "Gillette v. City of Fort Smith" on Justia Law

The Supreme Court affirmed the order of the circuit court denying Appellant's complaint for declaratory judgment and injunctive relief and petition for writ of mandamus seeking to direct Appellees to allow Appellant to carry a firearm inside the district court, holding that there was no error.Appellant, an attorney, filed a complaint for declaratory judgment and injunctive relief seeking a declaration that Act 1087 of 2017, codified at Ark. Code Ann. 5-73-122(b), authorizes attorneys as "officers of the court" to carry a firearm in any of the state's courts or courthouses and a declaration that Appellees' conduct in refusing to allow Appellant to enter the Pulaski County District Courthouse with a firearm violated Arkansas law. Appellant further sought mandamus relief asking that the court direct Defendants to permit attorneys in court with a firearm. The circuit court denied relief. The Supreme Court affirmed, holding that the circuit court did not err in denying Appellant's mandamus petition. View "Corbitt v. Pulaski County Jail" on Justia Law

The Supreme Court reversed the decision of the court of appeals vacating Defendant's convictions based on ineffective assistance of counsel, holding that errors in the proceedings below did not prejudice Defendant.In vacating Defendant's convictions the court of appeals concluded that trial counsel had been ineffective by failing to object to introduction and use of evidence about Defendant's silence while being arrested and by not objecting to the manslaughter jury instruction. The court ultimately concluded that Defendant was prejudiced by these instances of deficient performance. The Supreme Court reversed and reinstated the convictions vacated by the court of appeals, holding (1) trial counsel performed deficiently in failing to object to a certain jury instruction; and (2) assuming counsel was also deficient for not objecting to the State's use of Defendant's post-arrest, pre-Miranda silence against Defendant, Defendant failed to establish that there was a reasonable probability that the outcome of the trial would have been different without these errors. View "State v. Bonds" on Justia Law

During the George Floyd protests in the summer of 2020, the Seattle Police Department and the Mayor of Seattle took the unprecedented step of surrendering an entire precinct and a large area of the surrounding neighborhood to protestors for a month, who declared it the Capitol Hill Occupied Protest (“CHOP”). Top City of Seattle (“City”) officials, including members of the City Council, were in their thrall, supporting and encouraging CHOP, with the mayor calling it a reprise of “the summer of love” despite growing evidence of its lawlessness and danger—and a mounting body count. Plaintiff, the mother of a nineteen-year-old son with special needs who was shot to death within CHOP, brought this action to recover damages for her loss of companionship with her son.   The Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s dismissal for failure to state a claim. The panel stated that, unlike almost every other circuit, this circuit recognized Plaintiff’s substantive due process right to the companionship of her adult son. And Plaintiff properly alleged that the City acted with deliberate indifference to the danger it helped create, which caused her son’s death. It was self-evident that the Seattle Police Department’s wholesale abandonment of its East Precinct building, combined with Mayor Durkan’s promotion of CHOP’s supposedly festival-like atmosphere, would create a toxic brew of criminality that would endanger City residents. But the danger to which the City contributed was not particularized to Plaintiff or her son, or differentiated from the generalized dangers posed by crime, as the circuit’s precedent required. View "DONNITTA SINCLAIR V. CITY OF SEATTLE" on Justia Law

Longtime demonstrators outside the Abortion Surgery Center in the City of Norman, Oklahoma (Appellants) contended a disturbing-the-peace ordinance was unconstitutional both facially and as applied to their demonstrations. The Tenth Circuit found, as did the district court, Appellants failed to furnish evidence that the ordinance was content-based, infected with religious animus, or enforced unconstitutionally. "In fact, the record reveals the opposite: Norman police officers enforced the ordinance only when the demonstrators’ speech became so loud or unusual that it breached the peace." View "Harmon, et al. v. City of Norman, Oklahoma, et al." on Justia Law

The Supreme Judicial Court affirmed the judgment of the superior court judge denying Defendant's motion to enforce a plea bargain, holding that the plea offer did not violate Defendant's rights to due process.Defendant was indicted along with two codefendants on two counts of murder in the first degree. Defendant was offered a "package deal" plea bargain under which he would have been able to plead guilty to manslaughter if his codefendant also agreed to the same plea. Defendant's codefendant refused the terms of the agreement. Defendant and his codefendant were tried and convicted of all charges. Defendant later filed a motion to vacate his convictions and to accept pleas to manslaughter, as the Commonwealth had originally offered, arguing that the condition attached to the plea offer violated his right to decide whether to accept the plea or go to trial. A superior court judge denied the motion. The Supreme Judicial Court affirmed, holding that the superior court did not err in denying Defendant's motion to enforce the plea bargain. View "Commonwealth v. DiBenedetto" on Justia Law

The Supreme Judicial Court remanded this matter to the county court for entry of an order dismissing the Commonwealth's gatekeeper petition filed under Mass. Gen. Laws ch. 278, 33E challenging the decision of the superior court judge granting Defendant's motion for postconviction relief and reducing his conviction, holding that the petition was untimely.Defendant served forty-four years in prison for his conviction of murder in the first degree. In 2020, Defendant filed a postconviction motion to reduce the verdict from murder in the first degree to murder in the second degree on the grounds that the Commonwealth's 1978 package plea offer violated his right to due process. The motion judge granted the motion and, in 2021, reduced the verdict to murder in the second degree. The Commonwealth filed a notice of appeal but did not file the gatekeeper petition until five and one-half months later, exceeding the thirty-day time limit set out in Mains v. Commonwealth, 433 Mass. 30, 36 n.10 (2000). After a remand, the single justice allowed the petition. The Supreme Judicial Court remanded the matter for entry of an order dismissing the Commonwealth's gatekeeper petition, holding that, with respect to filing deadlines, the Commonwealth is subject to the limitations established in Mains. View "Commonwealth v. Smith" on Justia Law

While investigating the overdose death of plaintiff Walter Shrum’s wife, law enforcement officers searched Shrum’s home and discovered drugs, firearms, and ammunition. He was charged with various crimes in federal court. Before trial he argued the officers had illegally searched his home, and that the evidence discovered could not be used against him at trial. The district court disagreed, and Shrum entered a conditional plea of guilty, reserving the right to appeal the suppression order. On appeal, the Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals concluded the search violated the Constitution, and any resulting evidence should have been excluded. Without this evidence, the government dismissed its prosecution. Shrum then sued various state and federal law enforcement officials for civil rights violations arising from the illegal search and subsequent prosecution. The district court dismissed the action as time-barred and insufficiently pled. To this, the Tenth Circuit agreed: (1) Shrum failed to prove he was entitled to equitable tolling under Kansas or federal law; and (2) Shrum’s complaint inadequately alleged all of the requirements for a malicious prosecution claim against the City and County defendants. View "Shrum v. Cooke, et al." on Justia Law