Justia Civil Rights Opinion Summaries

Three individuals living with well-managed HIV, whose infections are controlled by daily medication and who have undetectable viral loads, sought to join or rejoin the U.S. Army. They were denied enlistment based on Department of Defense and Army policies that list HIV infection as a disqualifying medical condition, alongside numerous other chronic or communicable diseases. A nonprofit organization, Minority Veterans of America, also supported their challenge. The plaintiffs argued that these policies violate their equal protection rights under the Fifth Amendment and are arbitrary and capricious in violation of the Administrative Procedure Act.The United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia granted summary judgment to the plaintiffs. The court issued a permanent injunction barring the Military from denying accession to asymptomatic HIV-positive individuals with undetectable viral loads, prohibiting enforcement of HIV-specific policy provisions, and ordering reevaluation of prior decisions made under these policies. The district court concluded that the Military’s justifications—based on medical, cost, and diplomatic concerns—were irrational, arbitrary, and capricious.On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reviewed the judgment. Applying rational basis review with heightened deference to military judgments, the Fourth Circuit found that the Military’s policies were rationally related to legitimate military purposes, including maintaining deployable, medically fit servicemembers, minimizing complications from chronic conditions, controlling costs, and addressing diplomatic issues with foreign host nations. The court distinguished this case from Roe v. Department of Defense, which concerned policies for current servicemembers rather than initial entry. The Fourth Circuit held that the Military’s HIV accession policy did not violate the Fifth Amendment or the APA and reversed the district court’s judgment, remanding with instructions to enter judgment for the Military. View "Wilkins v. Hegseth" on Justia Law

Daqua Ritter was indicted for three federal crimes connected to the murder of Ernest “Dime” Doe, a transgender woman in rural South Carolina. Ritter and Doe had a secretive sexual relationship, and Ritter was sensitive about public knowledge of this relationship, especially since Doe openly referred to Ritter as her boyfriend. Evidence at trial showed Ritter pressured Doe to keep their relationship hidden and reacted angrily when others mentioned it. Doe was found shot dead in a car, and Ritter was last seen with her hours before her death. After the murder, Ritter disposed of his gun and burned his clothes. A federal grand jury indicted Ritter for willfully causing bodily injury based on Doe's gender identity resulting in death, using a gun during a crime of violence, and making false statements to investigators.The United States District Court for the District of South Carolina presided over Ritter’s trial. A jury convicted Ritter on all charges, and the district court sentenced him to life in prison. Ritter moved for a new trial, claiming juror bias and prejudicial hearsay testimony, and challenged the sufficiency of evidence for two counts. The district court held an evidentiary hearing regarding juror bias and denied the motion for a new trial, finding the juror credible and impartial. It also denied the motion for a mistrial based on hearsay, issuing a curative instruction to disregard the testimony.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reviewed the case. The court held that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding no juror bias or in denying a mistrial based on hearsay, as the curative instruction was sufficient. The court also found that, viewed in the light most favorable to the government, there was sufficient evidence for the jury to convict Ritter on all counts, including motive based on gender identity and the likelihood that false statements would be communicated to federal law enforcement. The judgment was affirmed. View "United States v. Ritter" on Justia Law

A resident of a retirement community, who has celiac disease and relies on a gluten free diet, experienced multiple episodes of illness after consuming meals labeled as gluten free at the facility. She signed a residential contract based on assurances that her dietary needs would be accommodated. Over several years, she reported incidents of illness to staff, including a crab cake in 2018, a stuffed tomato in 2020, and chicken marsala in 2021, all purportedly gluten free. The facility made various adjustments in response to her complaints, including menu changes, staff training, and kitchen modifications. She continued to use her meal plan but gave away the food. In 2023, she filed suit alleging violations of federal disability rights statutes and several state-law claims.The United States District Court for the District of Maryland granted summary judgment to the retirement community on all claims. The court found her federal claims untimely and denied her request for injunctive relief, concluding she lacked standing. It also rejected her state-law breach of contract and negligence claims, holding they were barred by the statute of limitations and unsupported by evidence.The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reviewed the case. The court affirmed the district court’s judgment as to the federal claims, holding that the plaintiff lacked standing for injunctive relief under the Americans with Disabilities Act and that her Fair Housing Act and Rehabilitation Act claims were barred by the applicable statutes of limitations. It also affirmed dismissal of state-law claims related to the 2018 incident. However, the court vacated summary judgment as to her breach of contract and negligence claims arising from the January 2021 chicken marsala incident, finding genuine issues of material fact that should be resolved by a jury. The case was remanded for further proceedings on those claims. View "McGinn v. Broadmead, Inc." on Justia Law

While incarcerated in the general population at Central Prison in North Carolina, an individual was violently attacked by a “safekeeper”—a pre-trial detainee designated as requiring strict separation due to risk of violence. On the day in question, prison correctional officers responsible for enforcing separation between safekeepers and the general population failed to keep key security doors closed, contrary to prison policy. This lapse allowed the safekeeper to encounter and assault the plaintiff, resulting in severe facial injuries and lasting pain.The plaintiff brought a lawsuit under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against three correctional officers, alleging deliberate indifference to his safety in violation of the Eighth Amendment. The United States District Court for the Eastern District of North Carolina granted summary judgment to the officers, finding that the record did not support a jury finding of Eighth Amendment liability and concluding that, even if it did, the officers were entitled to qualified immunity. The district court also allowed the officers, over the plaintiff’s objection, to file a late response to a summary judgment motion without applying the “excusable neglect” standard required under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 6(b).The United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit reviewed the case. The court held that genuine disputes of material fact remained regarding both the officers’ liability for deliberate indifference and the applicability of qualified immunity. The Fourth Circuit further found that the district court had abused its discretion by failing to consider the correct standard when granting an extension of time for the officers’ late filing. The court vacated the district court’s summary judgment and extension orders, and remanded the case for further proceedings with instructions to apply the proper legal standards. View "Case v. Beasley" on Justia Law

The plaintiff, an inmate in an Arkansas correctional facility, was placed in isolation for approximately six weeks during the summer, in a cell lacking air conditioning. He claimed that, as a dialysis patient subject to fluid restrictions, exposure to excessive heat caused him significant discomfort and posed a risk to his health. Throughout his confinement, he submitted several grievances to prison officials, asserting that his medical condition required air-conditioned housing. Although medical staff and other personnel were consulted, no documented medical restriction indicated that air conditioning was medically necessary for him, and prison officials relied on a physician’s opinion that his situation did not constitute an emergency.After discovery, the plaintiff brought a civil rights action under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against three prison officials, alleging cruel and unusual punishment in violation of the Eighth and Fourteenth Amendments. The United States District Court for the Western District of Arkansas granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants, finding them entitled to qualified immunity. The plaintiff’s motion for reconsideration was denied.The United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit reviewed the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo. The appellate court assumed, for purposes of analysis, that the plaintiff’s medical condition presented an objectively serious risk. However, the court concluded that the record lacked evidence of deliberate indifference by the defendants: they consulted medical professionals, responded to grievances, implemented measures to mitigate heat, and treated the plaintiff’s medical complaints. Because the defendants did not violate a clearly established constitutional right, they were entitled to qualified immunity. The Eighth Circuit affirmed the district court’s judgment, holding that the prison officials were not deliberately indifferent to the plaintiff’s serious medical needs and did not subject him to cruel and unusual punishment. View "Hamilton v. Earl" on Justia Law

Soscia Holdings, LLC operated the Flat River Reservoir Dam in Rhode Island. In July 2022, the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (DEM), acting under state law, ordered Soscia to reduce the Dam’s water flow to maintain specific water levels in Johnson’s Pond. Soscia was later assessed monetary penalties by DEM for alleged violations of the permitting statute. During these proceedings, the Town of Coventry condemned the Dam and Johnson’s Pond, paying Soscia just compensation for the property.The case was first reviewed by the United States District Court for the District of Rhode Island. This court dismissed all claims against the State of Rhode Island and DEM based on Eleventh Amendment immunity. The court also dismissed the § 1983 individual capacity claims against two DEM officials on the grounds of qualified immunity, and rejected Soscia’s claim under the Rhode Island Constitution. However, the court allowed § 1983 official capacity claims for prospective injunctive relief against the DEM officials to proceed. After Soscia amended its complaint, the district court ultimately dismissed the remaining federal constitutional claims and declined to exercise jurisdiction over the remaining state law claims.The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit reviewed the appeal. Soscia argued that it continued to face ongoing enforcement actions and monetary penalties, and thus maintained a property interest and the right to seek injunctive and declaratory relief. The First Circuit found that the district court’s opinions thoroughly and correctly explained why Soscia’s federal claims failed to state a plausible claim for relief, and that new arguments raised on appeal were either waived or did not meet the standard for plain error review. The First Circuit affirmed the judgment of the district court. View "Soscia Holdings, LLC v. Rhode Island" on Justia Law

The case involves a man who was convicted of first-degree murder in Broward County, Florida, after a fatal shooting during a domestic dispute with his girlfriend. The key evidence during trial was a confession obtained by police after the man initially invoked his right to counsel but later agreed to speak with detectives. This confession was not admitted as direct evidence at his second trial but was used extensively to impeach his testimony when he took the stand in his own defense. The prosecution also presented substantial physical and eyewitness evidence, including the testimony of two individuals present at the scene and expert forensic analysis.After his conviction, the defendant challenged the use of his statement in postconviction proceedings. The Florida trial court denied his motion for a new trial, and the Florida Fourth District Court of Appeal affirmed. The defendant later argued in a state postconviction proceeding that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to challenge the statement on the grounds that it was coerced, in violation of the Due Process Clause. The state postconviction court, adopting the State’s response, found that the defendant was not prejudiced by any alleged error of his counsel, as the other evidence against him was overwhelming. The Fourth DCA affirmed without opinion.The United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit reviewed the denial of federal habeas corpus relief. The court held that the state court had adjudicated the prejudice prong of the ineffective assistance claim on the merits, entitling its decision to deference under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act. The Eleventh Circuit found that the state court’s determination—that the outcome would not have been different even if the statement had been excluded—was neither contrary to nor an unreasonable application of federal law. Accordingly, the denial of habeas relief was affirmed. View "Calder v. Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections" on Justia Law

A serious car accident occurred when a teenager, driving at excessive speeds while racing another vehicle, lost control and crashed, leaving the plaintiff, a sixteen-year-old passenger, with catastrophic injuries resulting in paraplegia. The plaintiffs, the injured teen and her mother, filed suit against a wide array of parties, including the two teenage drivers, various family members, city officials, law enforcement, fire department personnel, paramedics, two cities, a railroad company, and county prosecutors. The claims included negligence, allegations of discrimination and violations of civil rights under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and claims related to the handling of the accident’s aftermath and investigation.In the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas, the court adopted a magistrate judge’s recommendation and dismissed all claims with prejudice against all defendants except one, whose claims were dismissed without prejudice. The district court found the complaint to be vague, conclusory, and “riddled with pleading deficiencies.” It determined that claims against certain defendants were time-barred, that some defendants were not state actors for purposes of § 1983, that the plaintiffs failed to state claims upon which relief could be granted, and that certain claims were duplicative or failed as a matter of law. The plaintiffs sought the opportunity to replead, which the district court denied, finding amendment would be futile.On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit reviewed the district court’s dismissals de novo. The appellate court affirmed the district court’s judgment, holding that all claims were properly dismissed with prejudice except for those against the county prosecutors, which were modified to be dismissed without prejudice due to Eleventh Amendment immunity and lack of standing. The Fifth Circuit found no error or abuse of discretion in the lower court’s rulings and declined to remand for further amendment. View "Quiroz v. Hernandez" on Justia Law

A woman was murdered by her neighbor, who had a documented history of violence and mental illness. Over the two years preceding her death, the Sheriff’s Office in the relevant county received multiple reports about the neighbor’s threatening behavior, particularly toward women, but allegedly failed to act appropriately. The decedent’s estate claimed that the Sheriff’s Office systematically provided inferior protective services in response to threats against women compared to men, citing examples involving both the decedent and other women who reported threats. The estate asserted claims under the Equal Protection Clause and Michigan’s Elliott-Larsen Civil Rights Act.The United States District Court for the Western District of Michigan dismissed the federal claims for lack of standing and for failure to state a claim, and declined to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the state-law claims. The estate appealed, challenging only the dismissal of its federal equal protection claims.The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit reviewed the case de novo. The court held that the estate lacked standing to bring the federal equal protection claims because the complaint did not allege that the decedent herself was personally denied equal protection by the Sheriff’s Office. Instead, the complaint described discriminatory treatment experienced by other women. The court explained that equal protection claims must be based on the plaintiff’s own legal rights, not those of third parties, and the estate did not qualify for the limited exception allowing third-party standing. As a result, the court affirmed the district court’s dismissal of the complaint in its entirety. View "Henry v. Blank" on Justia Law

The plaintiff, who has a disability, took the New Mexico bar exam in February 2020 and was approved for testing accommodations. She alleged that these accommodations were not properly provided during the exam. Subsequently, she initiated legal action, amending her complaint multiple times before any defendant appeared. The third amended complaint asserted claims under Titles II and III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and other federal and state laws.The United States District Court for the District of New Mexico dismissed all claims. Specifically, it dismissed claims against the National Conference of Bar Examiners (the National Conference) for lack of personal jurisdiction, and permitted amendment of the complaint only to allow a Title III ADA claim against the New Mexico Board of Bar Examiners (the State Board). The district court later dismissed the Title III claim against the State Board on Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity grounds. It also granted summary judgment to the State Board on the Rehabilitation Act claim, finding the Board did not receive federal funds, and denied the plaintiff’s requests for additional discovery as insufficient under Rule 56(d).On appeal, the United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit affirmed the district court’s judgment. The court held that the plaintiff had not properly preserved her entitlement to jurisdictional discovery regarding the National Conference, nor did she adequately request or specify discovery that could alter the personal jurisdiction determination. The court also found no abuse of discretion in denying additional discovery on the Rehabilitation Act claim, as the plaintiff failed to meet procedural requirements. Finally, the Tenth Circuit concluded that the State Board was protected by Eleventh Amendment immunity from Title III ADA claims and that the plaintiff failed to show any waiver or valid abrogation of immunity. The judgment below was affirmed. View "Spann v. National Conference of Bar Examiners" on Justia Law